The second area was the rehabilitation work for those with serious musculo-skeletal or neurological, injuries. The third was the relationship between the Ministry of Defence and the National Health Service in terms of delivering healthcare. The fourth area examined was the care for veterans and service families. The fifth issue was mental healthcare, both for service personnel and for veterans.
Finally, the report examines the role of reserve personnel in the Defence Medical Services. Share; Like; Download Breathing restored — If victim is not breathing, begin rescue breathing techniques immediately. If bleeding is controlled by direct pressure, bandage firmly to protect wound. Information is The Triangular Bandage and its uses. The Rubber If a lung is damaged bright red blood mixed with froth is coughed up and dilliculty in Sign in to like videos, comment, and subscribe.
These steps will increase in the home. If you know the signals of a heart the chances of survival for the person having attack and cardiac arrest, you will be able to respond a cardiac emergency. TIP: The person must be on a firm, flat surface. TIP: If at any time you notice an obvious sign of life, stop CPR and monitor breathing and for any changes in condition. TIP: The child must be on a firm, flat surface. TIP: The infant must be on a firm, flat surface. Every year in the United States more than , people die of sudden cardiac arrest.
Sudden cardiac arrest can happen to anyone, anytime without warning but usually occurs in adults. Most cardiac arrests happen in the home. You also will read about the steps to follow when using an AED. These signals travel through the upper chambers of the heart, called the atria, to the lower chambers, called the ventricles.
When the heart is normal and healthy, these electrical signals cause the ventricles to squeeze together, or contract. These contractions force blood out of the heart. The blood then circulates throughout the body.
Be thoroughly system can be disrupted. Also, be familiar with maintenance guidelines for the The most common abnormal heart rhythm that causes device that you will be using.
The person may suddenly collapse precautions: unconscious, and stop breathing. Also, use an AED as soon as it is available and ready to use Fig. Most AEDs can be operated by following 55 pounds. Touching or moving the person may affect analysis. This ensures that no one is touching or is in contact with the person that the AED pads will stick to the chest properly. You or someone else could be shocked. Place one pad on the upper right chest and the other pad on the left side of the chest.
Deliver a shock by pushing the shock button if indicated and prompted by the AED. Make sure that the pads are not touching. However, most cases of cardiac arrest blades Fig. Always follow local protocols i. Follow the same general steps and precautions that you would when using an AED on an adult in cardiac arrest. B, If the pads risk touching each other, place one on the chest and the other on the back of the child or infant.
Familiarize yourself with these situations as much as possible so that you know how to respond appropriately, should the situation arise. A shock delivered in water could harm responders or bystanders. Courtesy of Ted Crites. Remove wet clothing to place the pads properly, if necessary. Transdermal Medication Patches Some people have a patch on their skin that If it is raining, take steps to make sure that the person automatically delivers medication through the skin, is as dry as possible and sheltered from the rain.
Nicotine patches used to stop smoking pads wet. Do not waste time trying to identify patches. Some people whose hearts are weak, beat too slowly, skip beats or beat in a rhythm that is too fast may have had a pacemaker implanted. Typically they feel like a small lump under the skin. ICDs exposure to the cold.
If the person is not breathing, automatically recognize and restore abnormal heart begin CPR until an AED becomes readily available. Attach the AED pads. If a shock is indicated, directly over the device Fig. This may interfere deliver it, following the instructions of the AED. Follow local If you are not sure whether the person has an implanted protocols as to whether additional shocks should device, use the AED if needed. It will not harm the be delivered.
However, this risk of injury to responders is minimal, and the amount of Trauma electrical energy involved is low. Follow any special If a person is in cardiac arrest as a result of traumatic precautions associated with ICDs but do not delay in injuries, you still can use an AED.
Since time is critical in a cardiac arrest check with the manufacturer to obtain all necessary situation and chest hair rarely interferes with pad information regarding maintenance. You may need to return the device to the manufacturer for service. Be careful not to cut the person while one complete rescue. A fully charged backup battery shaving the chest, as cuts and scrapes can interfere should be readily available.
You do not need to remove jewelry and body piercings when using an AED. Therefore, do not delay the that happens when the heart suddenly stops beating or use of an AED to remove jewelry or body piercings. You must act quickly to help. For a person metallic jewelry or body piercings.
Adjust AED pad to survive cardiac arrest, responders must recognize placement if necessary. The sooner the EMS system is activated, harmful to the person. AEDs require minimal maintenance. Let the AED analyze the heart rhythm. If pediatric equipment is not available, rescuers may use AEDs configured for adults.
Breathing emergencies happen when air cannot travel freely and easily into the lungs. Respiratory distress, respiratory arrest and choking are examples of breathing emergencies.
In a breathing emergency, seconds count so you must react at once. The heart pumps the blood The human body needs a constant supply of oxygen throughout the body. When you breathe through your mouth and vessels, delivering oxygen to the brain, heart and all nose, air travels down your throat, through other parts of the body. This pathway from the mouth and nose to the lungs is called In some breathing emergencies the oxygen supply to the the airway. As a result, the heart soon stops As you might imagine, the airway, mouth and nose are beating and blood no longer moves through the body.
As a result, they can be blocked more 6 minutes Fig. In a breathing emergency, air must reach the lungs. For any person, regardless of age, it is important to keep the It is important to recognize breathing emergencies airway open when giving care. However, children and infants usually have healthy hearts. When the heart stops in a child or infant, it usually is the result of a breathing emergency. Recognizing the signals of Nose breathing problems and giving care often are the keys to preventing these problems from becoming more Mouth serious emergencies.
Tongue If the injured or ill person is conscious, he or she Epiglottis may be able to indicate what is wrong by speaking or gesturing to you and may be able to answer questions. CDC estimate that in , nearly Asthma is the Respiratory distress and respiratory arrest are types third-ranking cause of hospitalization among those of breathing emergencies.
Respiratory distress is a younger than 15 years. It is the most common breathing emergency. Respiratory You often can tell when a person is having an asthma distress can lead to respiratory arrest, which occurs attack by the hoarse whistling sound that he or when breathing has stopped. This sound, known as wheezing, occurs because air becomes trapped in Normal breathing is regular, quiet and effortless.
A person the lungs. Trouble breathing, shortness of breath, does not appear to be working hard or struggling when tightness in the chest and coughing after exercise are breathing normally. This means that the person is not other signals of an asthma attack. Usually, people making noise when breathing, breaths are not fast and diagnosed with asthma prevent and control their breathing does not cause discomfort or pain.
However, it attacks with medication. These medications reduce should be noted that normal breathing rates in children swelling and mucus production in the airways. They and infants are faster than normal breathing rates in also relax the muscle bands that tighten around adults. Infants have periodic breathing, so changes in the airways, making breathing easier. For more breathing patterns are normal for infants. COPD causes a person to have trouble breathing because of damage to the Respiratory distress and respiratory arrest can be caused by: lungs.
There is no cure for COPD, and it worsens recurring , such as asthma. It is the abdomen. Emphysema is a disease hyperventilation. The result is that worsens over time. The most common signal of an excess of carbon dioxide, which alters the acidity emphysema is shortness of breath. Exhaling is extremely of the blood. In advanced cases, the affected person may feel restless, confused and weak, and even may go into Allergic Reactions respiratory or cardiac arrest.
An allergic reaction is the response of the immune system to a foreign substance that enters the body. It can be acute short-lasting or chronic. To be diagnosed coconut oils. Those most at risk for acute bronchitis include A severe allergic reaction can cause a condition called children, infants, the elderly, people with heart or lung anaphylaxis, also known as anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening emergency. They may have learned to Additional signals of chronic bronchitis include: avoid these things and may carry medication to reverse the allergic reaction.
Croup Croup is a harsh, repetitive cough that most commonly Hyperventilation affects children younger than 5 years. When this child to produce an unusual-sounding cough that can happens, the body does not take in enough oxygen to range from a high-pitched wheeze to a barking cough.
People who are hyperventilating feel Croup mostly occurs during the evening and nighttime. Often they are afraid Most children with croup can be cared for at home using and anxious or seem confused. They may say that mist treatment or cool air. Hyperventilation often results from fear or anxiety and usually occurs in people who are tense and Epiglottitis nervous. However, it also can be caused by head Epiglottitis is a far less common infection than croup injuries, severe bleeding or illnesses, such as high that causes severe swelling of the epiglottis.
The fever, heart failure, lung disease and diabetic epiglottis is a piece of cartilage at the back of the tongue. The signals of epiglottitis may be similar to croup, but it is a more serious illness and can result in death if the airway is blocked completely. In the past, epiglottitis was a common illness in children between 2 and 6 years of age. However, epiglottitis in children has dropped dramatically in the United States since the s when children began routinely receiving the H.
For children and adults, epiglottitis begins with a high fever and sore throat. A person with epiglottitis may FIGURE A person who is having trouble breathing may breathe need to sit up and lean forward, perhaps with the chin more easily in a sitting position.
This condition is a medical emergency. If the person cannot talk, ask him or her to nod or to shake his or her head What to Look For to answer yes-or-no questions. Try to reassure the person to reduce anxiety. This may make Although breathing problems have many causes, you breathing easier. If breathing stops or is restricted long enough, a person will become unconscious, the heart will stop What to Do Until Help Arrives beating and body systems will quickly fail.
Usually, give 2 rescue breaths after checking for breathing sitting is more comfortable than lying down because and before quickly scanning for severe bleeding and breathing is easier in that position Fig. If a conscious person is choking, his or her airway children younger than 5 years. With a partially blocked coins, often cause choking.
However, food is responsible airway, the person usually can breathe with some trouble. A person with a partially blocked airway may be able to The American Academy of Pediatrics AAP get enough air in and out of the lungs to cough or to make recommends that young children not be given hard, wheezing sounds.
The person also may get enough air smooth foods such as raw vegetables. These foods to speak. A person whose airway is completely blocked must be chewed with a grinding motion, which is cannot cough, speak, cry or breathe at all. For this same reason, the AAP Causes of Choking in Adults recommends not giving children peanuts until they Causes of choking in an adult include: are 7 years of age or older.
Alcohol sticks unless they are chopped into small pieces no dulls the nerves that aid swallowing. The U. This tells you Clutching the throat with one or both hands Fig. Act at once! Caring for a Conscious Choking Adult or Child When to Call If the choking person is coughing forcefully, let him or If the person continues to cough without coughing up the her try to cough up the object. A person who is getting object, have someone call or the local emergency enough air to cough or speak is getting enough air to number.
A partially blocked airway can quickly become breathe. Stay with the person and encourage him or her completely blocked. B, Then give abdominal thrusts. D, Then give abdominal thrusts, as you would for an adult. A conscious adult or child who has a completely blocked giving back blows and abdominal thrusts.
Using too airway needs immediate care. Using more than one much force may cause internal injuries. Internal injuries and way to clear the airway obstruction Fig.
To give back blows, position yourself slightly behind the person. Provide support by placing one arm diagonally Special Situations in Caring for the across the chest and bend the person forward at the Conscious Choking Adult or Child waist until the upper airway is at least parallel to the Special situations include: ground.
If a conscious blades with the heel of your other hand. Each back blow and abdominal thrust should be a separate and distinct attempt to dislodge the obstruction. Continue sets of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts until the object is dislodged; the person can cough forcefully, speak or breathe; or the person becomes FIGURE Give chest thrusts to a choking person who is obviously pregnant or known to be pregnant or is too large for you to reach around.
For chest the shoulder blades Fig. Do not bend over anything with a sharp edge or corner that might hurt you, and be careful when leaning on a rail that is elevated. Alternatively, give yourself abdominal thrusts, using your hands, just as if you were administering the abdominal thrusts to another person Fig.
For a choking person in a wheelchair, give abdominal thrusts Fig. A Caring for a Conscious Choking Infant If you determine that a conscious infant cannot cough, cry or breathe, you will need to give a combination of 5 back blows followed by 5 chest thrusts. Caring for an Unconscious Choking Adult or Child If you determine that an adult or a child is unconscious, not breathing and the chest does not rise with rescue breaths, retilt the head and try another rescue breath.
If the chest A still does not rise, assume that the airway is blocked. Use the same technique that is used for CPR. Compress at a rate of at least chest compressions per minute; the 30 chest compressions should take about B 18 seconds to complete. Open the between your forearms. If you see an object, remove it chest.
Give 5 chest thrusts. If the breaths make the chest clearly rise, quickly check for breathing. Caring for a Conscious Choking Infant Who Becomes Unconscious If a conscious choking infant becomes unconscious, carefully lower the infant to the ground, open the mouth and look for an object. B, Look for an object. C, If you see one, remove it with a finger. CPR technique used for an D, Give 2 rescue breaths. C, If you see one, remove it with a smaller finger.
D, Give 2 rescue breaths. When you recognize that an adult, a child or an infant is having In a breathing emergency, seconds count so it is trouble breathing, is not breathing or is choking, important to act at once.
Breathing emergencies call or the local emergency number include respiratory distress, respiratory arrest immediately.
Then give care for the condition and choking. Look for signals that indicate a until help arrives and takes over. You could person is having trouble breathing, is not save a life.
TIP: Support the head and neck securely when giving back blows and chest thrusts. Keep the head lower than the chest. TIP: The person must be on firm, flat surface.
Remove the CPR breathing barrier when giving chest compressions. Give CARE based on the conditions found. TIP: The child or infant must be on firm, flat surface. When illness happens suddenly it can be hard to determine what is wrong and what you should do to help.
In this chapter you will read about the signals of sudden illnesses including fainting, seizures, stroke, diabetic emergencies, allergic reactions, poisoning and substance abuse.
The person may be able to tell you what conditions: happened and what hurts. In either case, or that radiates to the shoulder, arm, jaw, neck, the signals of a sudden illness often are confusing. Sometimes the signals come and go. Remember, a few minutes that goes away and comes back or if you cannot sort out the problem quickly and easily or that spreads to the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, stomach if you have any doubts about the severity of the illness, or back.
Although you may not know the exact cause of the sudden illness, you should still give care. In the few cases in which you know that in skin appearance and cool, pale or ashen the person has a medical condition, such as diabetes, grayish skin. It is always appropriate to seek medical care you can clear the mouth.
Check that the person is breathing. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink. Some sudden illnesses may be linked with chronic conditions. These conditions include degenerative diseases, such as heart and lung diseases.
There may be Seizures a hormone imbalance, such as in diabetes. The person When the normal functions of the brain are disrupted could have epilepsy, a condition that causes seizures. When checking a person, level, a seizure may occur. Having to deal with a sudden illness can be frightening, Epilepsy especially when you do not know what is wrong. Do Epilepsy is a chronic seizure condition. Almost not hesitate to give care. Remember, you do not have 3 million Americans have some form of epilepsy.
Signals for sudden illnesses The seizures that occur with epilepsy usually can be are similar to other conditions and the care probably controlled with medication.
Still, some people with involves skills that you already know. Others who go a long time without Fainting a seizure may think that the condition has gone One common signal of sudden illness is a loss of away and stop taking their medication, thus putting consciousness, such as when a person faints.
Fainting themselves at risk for another seizure. When someone suddenly loses consciousness and then reawakens, he or she may simply have fainted. This condition results from a widening of the blood vessels in the body. This causes blood to drain away from the brain to the rest of the body. Fainting usually is not harmful. The person usually recovers quickly with no lasting effects.
However, what appears to be a simple case of fainting actually may be a signal of a more serious condition. What to Look For A person who is about to faint often becomes pale, FIGURE To care for a person who has fainted, place the person on his or her back lying flat and loosen any restrictive clothing, such as begins to sweat and then loses consciousness and a tie or collar. A child or an infant experiencing a febrile seizure may experience some or all of the signals If the person is known to have occasional seizures, listed below.
He or she usually will recover from a seizure in What to Look For a few minutes. Remember person is unable to respond. General principles of managing convulsions, which last several minutes. An aura is an unusual sensation or feeling, such as a visual hallucination; strange Do not hold or restrain the person. Do not put anything sound, taste or smell; or an urgent need to get to safety.
People the person recognizes the aura, he or she may have time to having seizures rarely bite their tongues or cheeks with tell bystanders and sit down before the seizure occurs.
Check to see if he person usually recovers without problems. Be comforting and reassuring. If the seizure occurred in public, the When to Call person may be embarrassed and self-conscious. Ask Call or the local emergency number if: bystanders not to crowd around the person. Foundation at epilepsyfoundation. Have your blood pressure Stroke is the third-leading killer and a leading cause checked regularly and if it is high, follow the advice of of long-term disability in the United States.
Nearly your health care provider about how to lower it. Often, , Americans will have a stroke this year. Strokes can cause permanent provider may prescribe medication. Diabetes A stroke usually is caused by a blockage in the arteries Diabetes is a major risk factor for stroke.
If you have that supply blood to the brain. Blockages can uncontrolled, the resulting elevated blood sugar levels be caused by blood clots that travel from other parts of can damage blood vessels throughout the body. Cigarette smoking is another major risk factor of stroke. Smoking is linked to heart disease and cancer, In a small percentage of strokes there is bleeding into as well as to stroke.
Smoking increases blood pressure, the brain. This bleeding can be from a broken blood damages blood vessels and makes blood more likely vessel or from a bulging aneurysm that has broken open. If you smoke and would like to quit, many There is no way to tell the type of stroke until the person techniques and support systems are available to help, gets to an emergency room and undergoes a thorough including seeking help from your health care provider medical evaluation.
Most mini-strokes get stop, and some of the damage from smoking actually better within a few minutes, although they can last several may be reversible. Approximately 10 years after a hours. Although the signals of a mini-stroke disappear person has stopped smoking, his or her risk of stroke quickly, the person is not out of danger at that point.
Even if you do not smoke, be aware risk of having a full stroke within the next 2 days. Avoid long-term exposure to cigarette smoke Risk Factors and protect children from this danger as well. The risk factors for stroke, meaning things that make a stroke more likely, are similar to those for heart disease. Other risk factors can be controlled through diet, build up on the walls of your blood vessels.
Foods high in changes in lifestyle or medication. With a history of high cholesterol include egg yolks and organ meats, such as liver blood pressure, previous stroke or mini-stroke, diabetes and kidneys.
Limiting your intake of these foods can help to prevent stroke. High Blood Pressure Uncontrolled high blood pressure is the number one Preventing Stroke risk factor for stroke. Regular exercise reduces your damages organs, including the brain, heart and kidneys.
Exercise also helps in risk of a stroke. Ask the chance of developing high blood pressure, heart the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift disease and fat deposits lining the arteries. Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence e.
Find his loss as a percentage of his selling price. An article bought for D5, Find its value after a year. A house bought for N, was later auctioned for N80,, Find the loss percent. The side of a square is increased from 20cm to 21cm. Calculate the percentage increase in its area.
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