Consequently, the forces Ghulam Ishaq Khan. With Farooq Leghari. The military, now reinforced, managed to restore Mamnoon Hussain. By this time the Pakistani leadership was also ouster, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the PPP assumed control of convinced that an Indian invasion was imminent and that the government.
The new Government would first exercise India would seize territory in East Pakistan and declare an authority as an interim martial law administration from independent Bangladesh. This thinking meant that Lt-Gen. There was, in fact, no independent phase and Prime Minister during the second. Rather than attempting to ately address ending hostilities with India, secure the repa- quickly seize some territory, the Indian leadership, well triation of 93, Pakistani PoWs, and work towards advised by its military, decided to wait and carry out a well- normalization of relations with Bangladesh.
Bhutto clearly prepared circumvention that would target Dhaka. The conclusion of an Indo-Soviet treaty of had failed. Pakistani commanders requested permission to fall back vowed to succeed on this front even if it had to endure hard- but were ordered to hold territory.
This was the beginning of an ships to achieve its goal. By August in Dhaka and besieging the city would not be an easy prospect. On PoWs from India and shielded those accused by Bangladesh of 16 December Niazi signed the surrender document: 45, war crimes, with the transfer completed by July Mean- Pakistan armed forces personnel and 48, Pakistani civi- while, at the Organization of Islamic Conference summit in lians became prisoners of war PoWs , the fate of pro-Pakistani Lahore in February Mujibur Rahman was invited to elements in what was now Bangladesh was sealed, and attend, and Pakistan formally recognized Bangladesh.
Yahya Khan had presided over the liquidation of the China, especially in terms of military co-operation and infra- governing corporation, the Ayub Khan regime, the Con- structure development. And yet, even after all this, Yahya Khan was Highway 35, popularly known as the Karakorum Highway, unwilling to part with power until the threat of mutiny by underwent rapid development during the PPP administration, junior officers, openly outraged by what had transpired on the although it was not completed until India had, for its and Pakistan with a direct overland link.
Since the Despite its role in bringing about one of the greatest military passage of the Symington amendment to the US Foreign and political catastrophes in the history of Muslims in South Assistance Act of , Pakistan had to face increased pressure Asia, there was one matter where the Yahya Khan regime regarding its nuclear programme.
The civil service, the industrial capital, Beijing, via Pakistan in July , as the National and business classes, and the military, were the key elements 6 www.
The plan was to nationalized banks and industries as parking places for sur- cut down the pillars of the old regime and to bind the state plus military officers. The military budget rose from apparatus, the economy and the military, to a political patron- Rs 3,m. By doing so, Bhutto provide land to military personnel were expanded. Given the arbitrariness that this approach for instance, saw its assets grow from Rs m.
All the dismissals were carried out under panied by measures that made the adoption of a new martial law orders. Bhutto then directed Vaqar Ahmed, the constitution in almost meaningless. The military Secretary to the Cabinet, to prepare names of civil servants for regime-era Defence of Pakistan Rules remained in effect, the dismissal or demotion en masse under Martial Law Regulation code of Criminal Procedure was amended to allow for direct When Ahmed tried to pressure the heads of administra- registration of cases without preliminary examination by a tive departments to submit names, a mere 27 names were magistrate, citizens lost legal protection against mala fide yielded.
The Special Police Establishment yielded 88 names. Senior PPP leaders were also land. The use of religion as an instrument of shoring up asked to add names to the list, and on 12 March some political support led to the establishment of a federal ministry 2, officials learnt from the evening broadcast that they had for religious affairs, the declaration of Ahmadis as non-Muslim been dismissed or demoted.
On 18 March some provincial by constitutional amendment , and, as the Government services officers met the same fate. Then on 18 April a total of faced mounting opposition, prohibitions on alcohol, gambling 24 judges were removed, while two days later eight officers of and horse racing were also introduced. These purges were The inability of the Government to adhere to any consistent followed by the Lateral Entry Scheme, through which the principle beyond a tactical need for self-aggrandizement paved political leadership could make direct appointments, circum- the way for its downfall.
Two developments were critical in this venting the normal competitive recruitment procedures. At the respect. One was that in the army chief, Gen.
Tikka Khan, officer and senior subordinate levels, 5, such inductions was due to retire and Bhutto wanted to replace him with a were made, with some 2, in federal institutions and the rest pliant and politically reliable officer. In March of that year at the provincial level. These purges and political inductions Bhutto decided to appoint Lt-Gen. This meant that Zia superseded six more senior civilian bureaucracy, while the Civil Service Act and lieutenant-generals. The second critical development was the Public Service Commissions Act gutted the statutory auton- conduct of the next general elections.
These were scheduled for omy and rigour of the services. The the civilian bureaucracy through the purge of officers. By the mids even small PNA to contest the elections. Nobody seriously expected the and medium-sized enterprises faced nationalization, private PNA to win the elections and the PPP had no cause for concern investment declined dramatically, and the newly nationalized that it would lose its majority.
The polling day and post-poll entities as well as older state corporations were soon too rigging that took place, much of it by terrified civil adminis- bloated with political appointees to perform efficiently. As trators, produced a result where the PPP won seats and the the state sector was turned into the major source of employ- combined opposition only 36 seats in a reduced member ment generation, deficits soared and by revenues stood at national assembly.
This resulted in mass agitation against the about one-half of expenditures, with fiscal deficits as a propor- Government, with the authorities resorting to repression as tion of GDP in the double-digits. The gaps were made good well as offers of negotiation to defuse the challenge. In April through printing currency and borrowing, which fuelled infla- the Government imposed martial law in Karachi and tion that hurt the poorest Pakistanis the most. The poorest Lahore and the political crisis deepened.
In July the military staged a coup, codenamed of productivity and competitiveness now permeated the entire Operation Fair Play, which toppled the Government, and economy. Zia promised fresh elections in socialism to be its economic policy, the five-year planning 90 days. It left an enduring legacy in terms of a share of nationalized industries, grants of land, and privi- Islamization and firmly set Pakistan on the path of growing leges. The second tack was to create a new paramilitary religious extremism and internal violence.
Having come to Praetorian guard, called the Federal Security Force FSF power promising free and fair elections, Zia reneged on his that would be personally loyal to Bhutto and deter coup pledge in October , and placed Bhutto on trial for con- attempts. By late , the FSF had 18, men under spiracy to commit murder. Found guilty by a split verdict in arms, vehicles, its own radio wireless network, and heavy the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Bhutto was executed in April weapons; tanks had been purchased for it but their entry into During the trial Zia formally assumed the presidency service was delayed due to high operating costs.
On the and in October he banned political parties, applied martial law patronage side of the equation, the Government would employ with renewed rigour, and placed elections permanently on 3, former military men in the FSF and also use the hold. Zia realized that his best chance of acquiring legitimacy www. The new President Bhutto. Zia thus introduced Islamic penal provisions via the ordered fresh national and provincial elections for November, Hudud Ordinance , decreed the creation of a Federal with political parties allowed to contest the polls.
Afghanistan December This transformed Zia from an international pariah to the leader of a frontline state in the Cold War. In installed Ronald Reagan Administration. Critically, US acquiescence in the face of Constitution. In the President attempted to dismiss the Pakistani efforts to develop nuclear weapons capability meant PML Government but was halted by the Supreme Court, only that by the mids Pakistan had acquired enough of a to have the army chief, Gen.
The Gov- vis India. The Pressler Amendment, designed to hamper ernment elected in February would be overthrown in a US aid to Pakistan, was effectively brushed aside by the US military coup in October , which brought the then army Executive Branch, pending settlement of the war in Afghani- chief, Gen.
Pervez Musharraf, to power. The election outcomes stan. There Zia sought to prolong the Soviet intervention, for this period at the national level, exclusive of nominated something Pakistan could do as the primary channel through seats, are provided in the table below: which US and allied assistance reached the anti-communist Table 4: National Assembly seats at elections of a total of , — armed opposition mujahideen.
The costs to Pakistan of the 99 war in its neighbourhood were none the less considerable. Hosting 3m. Afghan refugees, the rapid spread of heroin 16 Nov. Nationalization ment. Accusations of corruption, maladministration and nepo- had left the regime in control of tens of thousands of industrial tism were thrown at each other by each side, and over 8, and commercial units. The husband, Asif Ali Zardari. The muck-raking had the effect of rise of the Sharif family was a significant example of this alienating the majority of people from the political process, process, while the accumulation of vast fortunes from the leading to low voter turnout and growing apathy towards the Afghan war greatly augmented the economic profile of an fate of democracy.
The dynastic structure of the PML, which entire generation of senior military officers. The along modern lines. The impression was that Pakistan politics militarization of the economy, the Islamization of society, and had degenerated into a struggle for patronage and plunder the nuclearization of Pakistan, remain key drivers of Paki- between two rival fiefdoms.
Democratically elected governments also had to face two On the political front, Zia enjoyed the support of the religious major constraints. One was that the military controlled foreign right and anti-PPP businessmen, farmers and industrialists. The other was that US duced elected Local Bodies that operated on a non-party basis. This its economy afloat.
Premier Junejo, Zia expected, would be would slow down its nuclear programme, while cutting off little more than a cipher. In fact, the sanctions and martial law was lifted, along with the ban on political parties.
Perceiving the West Junejo also incensed Zia by lobbying for ending the war in to be an unreliable and transactional partner, Pakistani Afghanistan as soon as possible. Zia appeared isolated of national security and survival. By depriving the Pakistani and was embittered by what he saw was growing US-Soviet military of advanced US equipment, the conventional arms collusion as the Cold War wound down. Pakistan former civil servant Ghulam Ishaq Khan, then Chairman of the lost little time in using this opportunity to impose strategic 8 www.
If Pakistan were to six nuclear tests, both thereby becoming declared nuclear launch a limited military operation in Kashmir after carrying weapons states. This would force ing an artificial exchange rate. The limited military conflict would also inter- troika that included the army chief and the President.
Of the nationalize the Kashmir dispute and possibly lead to third- three the army chief was, should he choose to assert himself, party mediation to break the deadlock.
It was this line of the most powerful. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan learned this thinking that led to the Kargil War of mid, in which when, after attempting and failing to dismiss the PML Gov- Pakistan seized the high ground in the Kargil sector of Indian- ernment in , he and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif were administered Kashmir, and fought a fierce if limited war as both shown the door by the military. Premature dismissals, India sought to recover territory. Pakistan was quickly perceived as the aggressor in inability to complete tenures.
Caught by surprise, and profoundly authority. As the fighting of the Sharifs Muhammad Rafiq Tarar. Moreover, by the end of June it was becoming supporters.
The Government cracked down on critical news evident that Pakistan would not be able to hold on to its media and publications, and held the opposition to an extreme positions in the Kargil sector through the summer. Premier form of accountability and scrutiny, overseen by Senator Nawaz Sharif was in an impossible position.
If he claimed that Saifur Rehman. The Prime Minister was fortunate in that the operation was carried out by his handpicked and only the army chief, Gen. Jehangir Karamat, was disinclined to recently appointed army chief without his foreknowledge and interfere in the operations of government. Having succeeded approval, the Government would come across as hopelessly Gen.
Waheed Kakar in January , Karamat focused on the weak. This good fortune ended in October operation, his peace overtures to India and the Lahore Summit , when Gen. Karamat, lecturing at the Naval War College, would constitute a level of duplicity unusual even by India- stated that it would be beneficial for Pakistan if there were a Pakistan standards.
On 4 July US President Bill Clinton National Security Council, where the military command and hosted Nawaz Sharif as part of efforts to broker a cessation political leadership could formally discuss defence issues. The of hostilities. In exchange for the US known and Karamat tendered his resignation. Not content agreeing to take an interest in the process initiated in Lahore with having a neutral and professional army chief, Nawaz earlier that year, Pakistan agreed to withdraw its forces to the Sharif decided that this was the opportune moment to make a Line of Control LoC , which separated Pakistan-controlled patronage appointment and bring the military into line.
Kashmir from the Indian-administered part. By this time more Nawaz Sharif decided to appoint Gen. Pervez Musharraf to than a thousand Indian and Pakistani soldiers had lost their succeed Karamat. Relations between Nawaz and Musharraf deterio- Musharraf would thus make a weak army chief, one beholden rated. The Prime Minister wanted to replace the army chief as to the Prime Minister for his appointment. In thinking along soon as possible and was working out a plan whereby such a these lines, Nawaz Sharif misunderstood the professional move might be carried out.
Musharraf proved to tried to remove him from his position. While the Prime Minister was trying to improve Lanka to dismiss him while his plane was on the way back to relations with India, going so far as to offer to sell it electricity Karachi, the military swiftly and bloodlessly seized control of and hosting his Indian counterpart for the Lahore Summit of key government installations.
Since Indian-administered Kashmir had been in revolt against rule from New Delhi. Musharraf would embark ment at the hands of Indian soldiers, and created insurgency upon the first serious attempt at modernization since the end of conditions.
India accused Pakistan of fomenting discord and the Ayub Khan era. Pakistan tional legitimacy. Leaving the incumbent President Rafiq immediately came under intense pressure to assist the USA Tarar in place, Musharraf proclaimed himself the Chief Execu- against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, which had pro- tive.
A Provisional Constitutional Order Laden with sanctuary. The Taliban were perceived to be granted formal cover to these steps. No restrictions were imposed on the media drawal. By late the Taliban had nearly completed their and the press enjoyed unprecedented freedom. Exploiting conquest of Afghanistan—only a few enclaves of resistance public perceptions of corruption on the part of politicians, remained and the austere Islamists cracked down hard on Musharraf created the National Accountability Bureau warlords and drugs barons with such ruthlessness that the NAB and began a well-publicized campaign of going after area of territory cultivated for poppies in order to harvest alleged robber barons.
The former premier was also found guilty of corrup- Saudi-style repression of minorities and women, without, tion. All pleaded with Mullah years. This Mullah Omar refused to do, and Musharraf coup, citing the doctrine of individual necessity first used in realized that there was not enough time to work out a SlideShare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising.
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