In fact, like in many other fields in the social sciences, growth of this field involved frequent shifting of its popular topics, methods, and theories, all of which are studied by contemporary political psychologists. Thus, not only did the interests of the previous eras not disappear, but they are now part of a much wider array of issues covered by the field. Themes and applications The long affair between political science and psychology is well documented in both the political and the psychological literature.
The definition of political psychology as a subfield, however, remains controversial. Huddy, Sears, and Levy define polit- ical psychology as an application of what is known about human psychology to the study of politics.
Bar-Tal similarly claims that what makes political psychol- ogists unique is their use of psychological knowledge to analyze political issues. In support of this proposition, Huddy and colleagues provide a long list of psy- chological approaches that have been applied to the study of political processes. For example, psychological studies of personality are applied to research on mass and elite political behavior, behaviorist learning theories to the analysis of mass political attitudes such as mass communication effects; developmental theories to political socialization processes; incentive theories to the study of mass political behaviors such as collective action and violence; social cognition theories to the study of electoral behavior and mass communications, political reasoning, and political information processing; and inter- group relations theories to the study of prejudice, stereotyping, and intergroup conflict.
Although this characterization of the field is quite common among scholars and stu- dents of the discipline, the question of whether political psychology is merely applied psychology has been the subject of much debate Schildkraut, In defense of the field, some political psychologists emphasize that most political-psychological research integrates insights from psychology and political science.
In fact, some psychological phenomena, such as stereotyping, prejudice, group conflict, and political leadership, are inherently political and cannot be examined fully outside their political context. As Huddy and colleagues note, most political science theories are essentially psychological in that they rest on implicit assumptions about the cognitive and emo- tional mechanisms underlying political behavior and decision-making.
Furthermore, they argue, political psychological research can even shed light on basic psychological concepts, such as motivated reasoning. Other political psychologists maintain that even if the characterization is apt, attempts to apply psychological theories to political contexts are no less rigorous than other forms of political science research Schildkraut, As Krosnick and McGraw argue because political science aims to deepen our understanding of political phenomena, any research that contributes to this endeavor is of value, even if it is based applying psychological theories to political settings.
Indeed, psychological research has offered experimental evidence for deviations from rational decision-making. Research in political psychology is not only theoretically rigorous but also has prac- tical relevance.
Aside from deepening our understanding of political phenomenon and posing and testing theoretical concepts, political psychology also aims to offer specific recommendations to the resolution of particular political problems, such as conflicts, protests, and terrorism. In fact, Crenshaw argues that the most important con- tribution of political psychology lies in its applicability to real-life political problems and policy issues, such as ethno-nationalist conflict, terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
Drawing on empirical findings and theoretical develop- ments, political psychologists can point political leaders and policy-makers to decision- making models, offer paths to conflict resolution that might bring bitter enemies to the bargaining table, and suggest campaign managers and strategic consultants useful models of political marketing and voting behavior. In the course of its development, the discipline has seen the rise and demise of many theories and approaches analyzing political behavior and decision-making.
Some researchers focus on elite behavior power motivations, charismatic leadership, psycho-biography, decision-making, bargaining, etc. Some emphasize personality and motivational psychology, and others focus on the cognitive mechanisms underlying political behavior. Notwithstanding the differences in foci and research interests, political psychologists of all specialties share the central concern with understanding human nature and the relationship between human nature and its effects on political processes.
The main ques- tions in the field, whether they focus on elites or masses, attitudes or behavior, and emotion or reason, are all based on the belief that political actors—their beliefs, past life experiences and personalities—are at least somewhat significant in determining political outcomes.
Indeed, a special issue of Political Psychology, published in June , was dedicated to the political psychology of biology, genetics, and behavior. Such classical topics in political science as ideology, voter turnout, candidate evaluation, public opinion, and race attitudes and stereotyping were studied using neurobiological and other inno- vative approaches. The American Political Science Review has also recently held a debate on the subject of genetics and politics.
Clinical political psychology Another promising yet neglected approach to political psychology is clinical political psychology CPP. Thus far, most of political psychology dealt with the effect of psychological factors on political behavior. Yet the effect of conflict, ter- rorism, social protest, riots and demonstrations on the psychology of human beings is critical to understanding political psychology as well, and serves as a promising avenue for research.
Behavioral political psychology Another meta-approach that is likely to receive a lot of attention in the next decade or so is what is called, behavioral political science BPS or behavioral political psy- chology BPP.
The approach includes the role of framing and counterfram- ing, analogies, biases, emotions, morality, culture, leadership psychology, leadership style and personality, and information processing in the study of intergroup and intra- group relations and politics. Traditional dependent variables such as conflict, terrorism, violence, race, immigration, and attitudes will continue to attract considerable atten- tions. However, whereas these topics have dominated research in the past few decades, BPP is likely to receive even more attention in a globalized and interdependent world, with the rapid expansion of Internet technology and global movements toward the recognition same sex-marriage and gay rights that open up new avenues for research.
Conclusion Five decades since taking its first steps as a unique academic field, political psychol- ogy is an established interdisciplinary field with its own professional association ISPP , organized sections within the American Political Science Association and the Interna- tional Political Science Association, its own journals Political Psychology and Advances in Political Psychology , a summer academy and summer schools, and undergraduate and graduate courses and programs.
Dedicated to the analysis of the interrelationships between psychological and political processes, the field of political psychology now attracts scholars from a diverse range of disciplines, including political science, psy- chology, neuroscience, biology, economics, history, international relations, philosophy, sociology, and communication.
By broadening the scope of research in political psychology to include biological, behavioral, and clinical approaches, political psychology is expected to make a huge contribution not only to the understanding of political processes but also to the understanding of basic psychological science.
References Bar-Tal, D. Psychology is the study of human behavior. It is a serious and worthy endeavor that has given us scientific knowledge of the ways our minds make sense of the world. Yet, as cartoonist Grady Klein and psychologist Danny Oppenheimer point out, the study of human experience can also be often really funny.
This Book was ranked at 9 by Googl. Baca selengkapnya. Download Simply Psychology Pdf. Simply Psychology true By:Michael W. Eysenck Published on by Routledge Simply Psychology, fourth edition, is an engaging and reader-friendly introduction to the key principles of psychology. Organized around the major approaches to the subject, it covers biological, developmental, social, and cognitive psychology, as well as individual differences. The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy mines all these traditions, using an innovative structure that responds to the very latest scholarship.
Its chapters touch upon institutional and historical sources and analytical methods, how policy is made, how it is evaluated and how it is constrained. In these ways, the Handbook shows how the combined wisdom of political science as a whole can be brought to bear on political attempts to improve the human condition. Author : R. The Oxford Handbooks of Political Science are the essential guide to the state of political science today. With engaging contributions from 39 major international scholars, The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions provides the key point of reference for anyone working on political institutions and beyond.
The Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies offers a state-of-the-art assessment of the functioning of political representation in liberal democracies. In 34 chapters the world's leading scholars on the various aspects of political representation address eight broad themes: The concept and theories of political representation, its history and the main requisites for its development; elite orientations and behavior; descriptive representation; party government and representation; non-electoral forms of political participation and how they relate to political representation; the challenges to representative democracy originating from the growing importance of non-majoritarian institutions and social media; the rise of populism and its consequences for the functioning of representative democracy; the challenge caused by economic and political globlization: what does it mean for the functioning of political representation at the national leval and is it possible to develop institutions of representative democracy at a level above the state that meet the normative criteria of representative democracy and are supported by the people?
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Most of the chapters assessing the functioning of the chain of political representation and its various links are based on original comparative political research. Comparative research on political representation and its various subfields has developed dramatically over the last decades so that even ten years ago a Handbook like this would have looked totally different.
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Over the past three decades, the study of religion and politics has gone from being ignored by the scholarly 7ommunity to being a major focus of research. Yet, because this important research is not easily accessible to nonspecialists, much of the analysis of religion's role in the political arena that we read in the media is greatly oversimplified. This Handbook seeks to bridge that gap by examining the considerable research that has been conducted to this point andassessing what has been learned, what remains unsettled due to conflicting research findings, and what important questions remain largely unaddressed by current research endeavors.
The Handbook is unique to the field of religion and American politics and should be of wide interest to scholars, students, journalists, and others interested in the American political scene. This Oxford Handbook assembles the world's leading scholars in International Relations to present diverse perspectives about purposes, questions, theories, and methods.
It will become the first point of reference for scholars and students interested in these key issues. With engaging new contributions from the major figures in the fields of the media and public opinion The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media is a key point of reference for anyone working in American politics today.
This is part of a ten volume set of reference books offering authoritative and engaging critical overviews of the state of political science. The essays in this volume reveal that political communication is a hybrid field with complex ancestry, permeable boundaries, and interests that overlap with those of related fields such as political sociology, public opinion, rhetoric, With insightful chapters from key social psychologists and peace scholars, this handbook offers an integrative and extensive overview of critical questions, issues, processes, and strategies relevant to understanding and addressing Handbook of Psychobiography.
New York : Oxford University Press. Schwarz , C. Embodying and fostering that engagement is at the heart of this new handbook. The Handbook brings together leading scholars in the fields of Politics and Performance to map out the evolving interdisciplinary engagement. Sears, L. Huddy, and H.
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